Measurements of oxygen in vivo:: Overview and perspectives on methods to measure oxygen within cells and tissues

The goal of this review is to summarize the major techniques that currently are being applied to measure oxygenation of tissues in vivo. While such data would be extremely valuable experimentally and clinically, unfortunately the measurement of tissue oxygenation is nontrivial. Consequently, many different methods have been developed to try to make this measurement. This summary, largely in tabular form, covers the most pertinent aspects of the techniques and their applications, including their potential niches, limitations, and advantages. Citations are given for each method to point the reader in the direction of relevant literature.