Thermosetting foam with a high bio-based content from acrylated epoxidized soybean oil and carbon dioxide

A resilient, thermosetting foam system with a bio-based content of 96 wt % (resulting in 81% Of C-14) was successfully developed. We implernented a pressurized carbon dioxide foaming process that produces polymeric foams from acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). A study of the cell dynamics of uncured CO2/ AESO foams proved useful to optimize cure conditions. During collapse, the foam's bulk density increased linearly with time, and the cell size and cell density exhibited power-law degradation rates. Also, low temperature foaming and cure (i.e. high viscosity) are desirable to minimize foam cell degradation. The AESO was cured with a free-radical initiator (tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl hexanoate, T-i similar to 60 degrees C). Cobalt naphtenate was used as an accelerator to promote quick foam cure at lower temperature (40-50 degrees C). The foam's density was controlled by the carbon dioxide pressure inside the reactor and by the vacuum applied during cure. The viscosity increased linearly during polymerization. The viscosity was proportional to the extent of reaction before gelation, and the cured foam's structure showed a dependence on the time of vacuum application. The average cell size increased and the cell density decreased with foam expansion at a low extent of cure; however, the foam expansion became limited and unhomogeneous with advanced reaction. When vacuum was applied at an intermediate viscosity, samples with densities similar to 0.25 g/cm(3) were obtained with small (<1 mm) homogeneous cells. The mechanical properties were promising, with a compressive strength of similar to 1 MPa and a compressive modulus of similar to 20 MPa. The new foams are biocompatible. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.