Journal
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
Volume 805, Issue -, Pages 1-18Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.049
Keywords
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC); Ions; Metabolites; Proteins; Analytical techniquesa
Categories
Funding
- Grant Agency of the Czech Republic [GAP206/13/21919S]
- European Regional Development Fund
- [CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0068 356]
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Exhaled breath condensate is a promising, non-invasive, diagnostic sample obtained by condensation of exhaled breath. Starting from a historical perspective of early attempts of breath testing towards the contemporary state-of-the-art breath analysis, this review article focuses mainly on the progress in determination of non-volatile compounds in exhaled breath condensate. The mechanisms by which the aerosols/droplets of non-volatile compounds are formed in the airways are discussed with methodological consequences for sampling. Dilution of respiratory droplets is a major problem for correct clinical interpretation of the measured data and there is an urgent need for standardization of EBC. This applies also for collection instrumentation and therefore various commercial and in-house built devices are described and compared with regard to their design, function and collection parameters. The analytical techniques and methods for determination of non-volatile compounds as potential markers of oxidative stress and lung inflammation are scrutinized with an emphasis on method suitability, sensitivity and appropriateness. The relevance of clinical findings for each group of possible non-volatile markers of selected pulmonary diseases and methodological recommendations with emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration that is essential for future development into a fully validated clinical diagnostic tool are given. (C) 2013 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
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