Individual differences in food perceptions and calorie estimation: An examination of dieting status, weight, and gender

People frequently place foods into health or diet categories. This study examined whether (1) evaluations of healthiness/unhealthiness influence caloric estimation accuracy, (2) people evaluate foods for healthiness/unhealthiness or weight gain/loss differently. and (3) food evaluations differ by gender, diet status, and weight. Also, undergraduate dieters attempting to lose weight on their own were compared to obese weight loss program participants. Undergraduate students (N = 101) rated eight healthy and unhealthy foods on perceived healthiness/unhealthiness, weight loss/gain capacity and caloric content. Open-ended questions inquiring why a food was healthy/unhealthy or would contribute to weight gain/loss were coded into independent food categories (e.g., high fat). Results indicate that calories were systematically underestimated in healthy/weight loss foods, while they were systematically overestimated in unhealthy/weight gain foods. Dieters were more accurate at estimating calories of healthy foods and more attentive to the foods' fat. calorie. and sugar content than non-dieters. Overweight participants commented more on fat and sugar content than normal weight participants. Undergraduate dieters used fewer categories for evaluating foods than weight loss program participants. Individual difference characteristics, such as diet-status, weight, and gender, influence people's perceptions of foods' healthiness or capacity to influence weight, and in some instances systematically bias their estimates of the caloric content of foods. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.