The Whitehill Formation - a high conductivity marker horizon in the Karoo Basin

Within the Inkaba yeAfrica project, magnetotelluric (MT) data were acquired along three profiles across the Karoo Basin in South Africa. The entire Karoo Basin and its sedimentary sequences are intersected by a number of deep boreholes, which were drilled during exploration for coal, oil and uranium. One of the most consistent and prominent features in the electrical conductivity images is a shallow, regionally continuous, sub-horizontal band of high conductivity that seems to correlate with the Whitehill Formation. The Whitehill Formation in particular is known to be regionally persistent in composition and thickness and can he traced throughout the entire Karoo Basin. In the region of our experiments, the Whitehill Formation varies in thickness between 50 to 70 in and consists of pyritic black shales with tip to 14 weight % carbonaceous matter. Rocks can exhibit high electrical conductivity if electronically conducting minerals, such as graphite, are interconnected. To study physical properties and the maturity of the carbon present in the Whitehill Formation, impedance spectroscopy and vitrinite reflectance were applied to core samples from the SA1/66 borehole, taken from this formation at a depth range between 2750 in and 2800 m. Vitrinite reflectance analysis of the pseudo-coal and oil shale rocks indicates that most of the carbon is in the meta-anthracite maturity field, approaching, in one sample, the graphite window. Impedance spectroscopy reveals that the highest electrical conductivities are associated with the pyrite rich portion of one sample, showing conductivities well above 1 S/m. Recordings on pyrite-poor samples are less conclusive, with observed conductivities varying in the range of a few S/m to mS/m. Measurements on samples from the Whilehill Formation, on the other hand, show consistently low resistivities in the range between 4 to 6 Omega m. This result suggests strongly that the sub-horizontal conductivity anomaly in the MT models is linked with the carbon-rich sequences of the Whitehill Formation