Diffusion consistent calibrations for improved chemical imaging using nanoparticle enhanced optical sensors

A basic square root function was successfully used as a diffusion consistent calibration function that considers depletion mechanisms often occurring within optical chemical sensors. This continuous function improved image quality and simplified the calibration process. It may be a universal tool for the typical response function of reversible diffusion controlled sensing reactions. Further, we demonstrate that the gold nanoparticle interaction based ammonium fluorosensor is suitable for non-invasive high-resolution quantitative imaging of complex samples. The plasmon sensitized optical sensors were utilized as a bioanalytical tool for chemical imaging of natural degradation processes occurring in biological tissues. Analytical performance of the nanoparticle enhanced sensors confirmed superior sensitivity, reversibility, durability and overall image quality over non-doped sensing membranes. Although applied in a complex matrix of high potassium (major interferent) and very high sodium ( interferent) excellent performance is achieved. The nanoparticle interaction/coextraction based sensing scheme utilized in this study is general and can be used for numerous ions, preferably combined with the diffusion consistent calibrations for superior analytical performance. A table with 44 commercially available ionophores is provided to guide potential users of this sensor configuration.