Encapsulation, compensation, and substitution of catalyst particles during continuous growth of carbon nanotubes

By sequential feeding of catalyst materials (see figure) it is revealed that the active growth sites are at the bottom of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and that catalyst particles are constantly encapsulated into the CNTs (see figure). This gives a better insight into the mechanism of CNT formation and on ways to control the growth process. CNTs encapsulating different materials should enable the study of their electronic or magnetic properties, with potential applications as building blocks for nanoelectronics and as fillers in composites for electromagnetic shielding.