Epidemioloy of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in San Carlos Island, Venezuela:: strong association between socio-economic status and infection

The epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis is not well understood. Few community-based studies have addressed this issue. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for cyclosporiasis in San Carlos Island, Venezuela. A sample of 515 subjects (mean +/- SD: 21.4 +/- 17.8 years) was surveyed. For identification of the parasite, stools were examined with modified Ziehl-Neelsen carbolfuchsin staining of formalin-ether concentrates. Infections with Cyclospora (43 of 515, 8.3%) were common. There were differences in prevalence of the parasite among sectors of the community: 30 out of 43 (69.8%) cases of cyclosporiasis clustered in two sectors with extreme poverty. Living in these sectors versus the remainder, living in a but or small residence versus a concrete or larger house, using an area of backyard rather than a toilet or latrine for defecation, and having contact with soil contaminated with human feces were factors strongly associated with the infection (P < 0.01). Contact with soil contaminated with human feces might be an important mode of transmission, and poverty a predisposing factor, for the infection. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.