Exposure of differentiated airway smooth muscle cells to serum stimulates both induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and airway responsiveness to ACh

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells are characterized by phenotypic plasticity and can switch between differentiated and proliferative phenotypes. In rabbit tracheal ASM cells that had been differentiated in vitro by serum starvation, readdition of FBS caused initiation of proliferation and induction of nuclear and transcriptionally active hypoxia-inducible factor ( HIF)-1 alpha. In addition, FBS stimulated the induction of HIF-1 alpha by the hypoxia mimetic cobalt. Treatment with actinomycin D, cycloheximide, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors LY-294002 and wortmannin or the reactive oxygen species scavenger diphenyleneiodonium inhibited the FBS-dependent induction of HIF-1 alpha. These data indicate that, in differentiated ASM cells, FBS upregulates HIF-1 alpha by a transcription-, translation-, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, addition of FBS and cobalt also induced HIF-1 alpha in organ cultures of rabbit trachea strips and synergistically increased their contractile response to ACh, suggesting that HIF-1 alpha might be implicated in airway hypercontractility.