Areca nut extracts-activated secretion of leukotriene B4, and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and elevated intracellular calcium concentrations in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Background and Objective: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are the major source of leukotriene B-4, which is synthesized via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Activation of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway is regulated by intracellular calcium and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The impact of areca nut extracts on the biosynthesis of leukotriene B-4 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was evaluated, and some of the possible mechanisms underlying the responses were examined. Material and Methods: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were treated with various concentrations of areca nut extracts. The concentrations of leukotriene B-4 released into the supernatants were evaluated using enzyme immunoassay. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was monitored using immunoblotting, and the cytosolic calcium kinetics were assessed fluorometrically using Fura-2. Results: Exposure of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to areca nut extracts led to a dose-dependent increase in the production of leukotriene B-4, with levels peaking at 30 min and decreasing thereafter. Areca nut extracts enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, an enzyme known to activate 5-lipoxygenase. Incubation with areca nut extracts also resulted in a rapid elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The induction of leukotriene B-4 by areca nut extracts was suppressed with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or with the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM. Conclusion: The interaction of areca nut extracts with polymorphonuclear leukocytes activated the arachidonic acid metabolic cascade. Incubation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with areca nut extracts resulted in the activation of intracellular events, such as phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Ca2+ mobilization, involved in the release of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. The results of this study emphasize the potential importance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as a source of leukotriene B-4, which may modulate the inflammatory response in areca chewers.