Simulation study on image contrast and spatial resolution in helium ion microscope

We performed Monte Carlo simulation of helium (He) ion induced secondary electron (SE) emission in order to compare the secondary electron image characteristics between He and gallium (Ga) scanning ion microscopes (SIM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). For 1050 keV He ion bombardment SE yield increases gradually with increasing the atomic number, Z(2), of the target, as well as for the electron bombardment. However, for 30 keV Ga ion bombardment, SE yield shows an opposite Z(2) dependence. The calculated SE yield is much larger than that for both electron and Ga ion bombardment. The incident angle dependence of the SE yield approximately obeys the inverse cosine law even at high angles of 85 and more. On the other hand, for electron bombardment, the incident angle dependences are much weaker for low energy and high Z(2). These indicate that the image contrast on He-SIM is clearer than those of SEM. Among the electron excitations by incident He ions, recoiled target atoms and excited electrons, the first one having narrow excitation volume dominates the SE yield, so that the spatial image resolution in SIM using zero-diameter He beams with the energies of 1050 keV is prospected to be smaller or better (0.1 nm) than for 30 keV Ga ion and 1 keV electron beams.