The genetic implications of habitat fragmentation for animals

The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the number of studies dealing with the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation, in large part because of the increasing accessibility of techniques for assessing molecular genetic variation in wild populations. This body of work is extremely diverse and encompasses a variety of approaches that define and measure both habitat fragmentation and its potential genetic impacts. Here, I Summarize the main questions that are being addressed, and approaches being taken, in empirical Studies of the genetic impacts of habitat fragmentation in animals. Considerable effort has been spent in documenting how levels of genetic diversity, and the spatial distribution of that diversity, are altered by habitat fragmentation. However, proportionately less effort has been invested in directly examining specific genetic and evolutionary processes that may affect the persistence of populations inhabiting fragmented landscapes: inbreeding depression, the loss of adaptive potential, and the accumulation of deleterious mutations. One area in which considerable progress has been made over the past decade is in the development and application of novel methods for inferring demographic and landscape ecological characteristics of animals, particularly dispersal patterns, using genetic tools. In this area, a significant integration of genetic and ecological approaches in the Study of fragmented Populations is Occurring.