Journal
JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS
Volume 323, Issue 1, Pages 174-179Publisher
AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS
DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.124271
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Funding
- NIEHS NIH HHS [P01 ES010594-08, P01 ES010594] Funding Source: Medline
- NIGMS NIH HHS [GM56677] Funding Source: Medline
- NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS053398, NS053398] Funding Source: Medline
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The marine toxin gambierol, a polyether ladder toxin derived from the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, was evaluated for interaction with voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in cerebellar granule neuron (CGN) cultures. At concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 10 mu M, gambierol alone had no effect on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+](i) of exposed CGN cultures. Furthermore, there was no evidence of neurotoxicity in CGN cultures exposed for 2 h to gambierol (1 nM-10 mu M). However, gambierol was a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 189 nM) of the elevation of [Ca2+](i) that accompanies exposure of CGN cultures to the VGSC activator brevetoxin-2 (PbTx-2). To further explore the potential interaction of gambierol with VGSCs, the influence of gambierol on PbTx-2-induced neurotoxicity was assessed. Gambierol reduced the PbTx-2-induced efflux of lactate dehydrogenase in exposed CGN cultures in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 471 nM). It is noteworthy that the potencies of gambierol as an inhibitor of both PbTx-2-induced Ca2+ influx and cytotoxicity were coincident. Finally, the inhibitory effects of gambierol on PbTx-2-induced elevation of [Ca2+](i) were compared with those of brevenal, a natural inhibitor of the toxic effects of brevetoxin isolated from cultures of Karina brevis. Like gambierol, brevenal inhibited PbTx-2-induced elevation of [Ca2+](i) in a concentration-dependent manner ( IC50 = 108.6 nM). These results provide evidence for gambierol acting as a functional antagonist of neurotoxin site 5 on neuronal VGSCs.
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