Dihydrotestosterone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of fetal calvarial osteoblasts and dural cells and induces cranial suture fusion

Background: The higher prevalence of metopic and sagittal suture synostosis in male infants suggests a role for androgens in early craniofacial development. These experiments characterize the influence of androgen stimulation on growth and differentiation of fetal dural and calvarial bone cells and on cranial suture fusion. Methods: Primary murine fetal (E18) dural cells and calvarial osteoblasts were isolated and cultured. Cells were treated for 48 hours with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (0 to 1000 nM). Cell proliferation was examined by nonradioactive proliferation assay; mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, and the bone matrix proteins osteopontin, osteocalcin, and type I collagen was determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In separate experiments, intact fetal calvariae were grown in tissue culture with 10 nM 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone for 7 and 14 days and then examined histologically. Results: Androgen stimulation at 5 nM increased proliferation of fetal dural cells by 46.0 percent and of fetal calvarial osteoblasts by 20.5 percent. Dural expression of osteopontin, osteocalcin, and type I collagen was enhanced by 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, as was that of TGF-beta 1 and alkaline phosphatase. Androgen stimulation increased calvarial osteoblast expression of alkaline phosphatase and TGF-beta 1 but induced little change in expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin, and type I collagen. In tissue culture, 5a-dihydrotestosterone stimulated osteoid formation and fusion of sagittal sutures. Conclusions: Androgen stimulation of dural cells and osteoblasts isolated from fetal calvaria promotes cell proliferation and ostcoblastic differentiation and can induce cranial suture fusion. These results suggest that sex steroid hormone signaling may stimulate sutural osteogenesis by means of osteodifferentiation of dural cells, thus explaining the male prevalence of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis.