Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Volume 54, Issue 10, Pages 1837-1850Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2007.893499
Keywords
bioheat transfer equation (BHTE); finite difference (FD); heat transfer coefficient; International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard; magnetic resonance (MR); specific absorption rate (SAR); temperature-dependent perfusion
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An investigation of magnetic resonance (MR)-induced hot spots in a high-resolution human model is performed, motivated by safety aspects for the use of MR tomographs. The human model is placed in an MR Whole body resonator that is driven in a quadrature excitation mode. The MR-induced hot spots are studied by varying the following: 1) the temporal specific absorption rate (SAR) mode (steady imaging, intermittent imaging), 2) the simulation procedure (related to given power levels or to limiting temperatures), and 3) different thermal tissue properties including temperature-independent and temperature-dependent perfusion models. Both electromagnetic and thermodynamic simulations have been performed. For the electromagnetic modeling, a commercial finite-integration theory (FIT) code is applied. For the thermodynamic modeling, a time-domain finite-difference (FD) scheme is formulated that uses an explicit treatment of temperature gradient components. This allows a flux-vector-based implementation of heat transfer boundary conditions on cubical faces. It is shown that this FD scheme significantly reduces the staircase errors at thermal boundaries that are locally sloped or curved with respect to the cubical grid elements.
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