Quality of of acute respiratory failure. Changes over a period of two decades

Progress in intensive care (ICU) treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) over the last 20 years includes the introduction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for CO2 removal and the widespread use of evidence-based lung-protective ventilatory strategies. Little is known, however, about whether these changes have resulted in improvements in short-term and long-term outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) within the two decades after introduction. In a retrospective study 167 long-term survivors of severe ARDS who were transferred to the clinic for anesthesiology of the University of Munich, Campus Grohadern by means of specialized intensive care unit (ICU) transport teams and treated over a period of 20 years (1985-2005) were evaluated to investigate whether significant improvements in outcome as a consequence of the above mentioned progress in ARDS therapy have occurred. The ARDS patient cohort studied was characterized with regard to demographic variables, initial acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score, duration of ICU treatment, the duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality. Data on long-term outcome were collected in a subcohort (n = 125) of patients who responded to mailed questionnaires and included health-related quality of life (HRQL, SF-36 questionnaire), symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic memories from ICU treatment (PTSS-10 instrument) and current state of employment. During the observation period no significant changes regarding patient age (39 +/- 16 years, mean +/- SD), disease severity on admission to the ICU (APACHE II scores 22 +/- 5), duration of ICU treatment (47 +/- 39 days) or duration of mechanical ventilation (39 +/- 38 days) were found. Overall ICU mortality during the two decades was 37.3 % (range 25.0 %-38.1 %) between 1995 and 2001 and a non-significant increase in values between 36.8 % and 58.3 % during the time interval from 2002 und 2005. The p(a)O(2)/FIO2-ratio on ICU admittance improved significantly between 1990 and 2000 (69 +/- 5 between 1990 and 1994 versus 101 +/- 12 between 1995 and 2000, p < 0.01) and remained nearly unchanged thereafter. Long-term outcome was evaluated on average 5.0 +/- 3.1 years after discharge from the ICU. During the time period between 1985 and 1994 survivors of ARDS showed significant impairments in all 8 categories of the SF-36 HRQL instrument when compared to an age and sex-matched normal population with maximal differences regarding physical function (z = -aEuro parts per thousand 1.01), general health perception (z = -aEuro parts per thousand 1.17) and mental health (z = -aEuro parts per thousand 1.3). Patients who were treated from 1995 to 2005 were still impaired in 7 out of 8 categories of HRQL but reported significantly better mental health (49.6 +/- 16.5 vs. 68.6 +/- 17.8, p < 0,01) and better physical function than individuals from the previous decade (49.6 +/- 16.5 vs. 73.4 +/- 27.5, p = 0,03). The difference of mental health was no longer significant when compared to a healthy age and sex matched control group (p = 0.14) but the difference in physical function still was (z = -aEuro parts per thousand 0.48, p < 0.01). The incidence of severe post-traumatic stress defined as a PTSS-10 score a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 35 was 20.4 % and remained unchanged throughout the 2 decades of observation. The PTSS-10 scores correlated with the number of traumatic memories present (r = 0. 43, p < 0.01, n = 125). More than 50 % of long-term survivors were able to return to full time work with no significant changes during the 2 decades of observation. The introduction of new modalities of ARDS treatment were associated with higher p(a)O(2)/FIO2-ratios on ICU admittance but had no effect on short-term outcomes including duration of ICU therapy, mechanical ventilation or mortality. The ARDS patients are still at risk for post-traumatic stress and persistent impairments in HRQL. Apart from some improvements in HRQL, the outcome of ARDS therapy remained largely unchanged during two decades.