Raman scattering studies on nanocrystalline BaTiO3 -: Part I -: isolated particles and aggregates

BaTiO3 powders with various crystallite sizes, which were prepared through microemulsion-mediated synthesis, were thoroughly studied by Raman spectroscopy. Clear evidence for the presence of the tetragonal phase was found for ultrafine powders with an average crystallite size above 30 run. The lifetime of phonons that are specifically assigned to the tetragonal phase decreased with decreasing crystallite size below a critical size of 100 mn. In particles as fine as 100 nm, the short mean free path of phonons, mainly due to internal pressure, causes decoupling of the coupled A, (TO) phonons and a diffuse phase transition behaviour (T-c = 115 degrees C). Coupled A(1)(TO) phonons, which give a spectral dip at around 180 cm(-1) and a lesser extent of diffuseness, were revealed for powders consisting of particles as large as 0.17 gm (Tc = 123 degrees C). Further coarsening upon annealing induced the formation of aggregates, resulting in the shift of phase transition points to higher temperatures for the rhombohedral to orthorhombic and the orthorhombic to tetragonal transitions and to lower temperatures for the tetragonal to cubic transition, respectively. Phase stability in powders is discussed by considering possible factors such as internal pressure in isolated particles and internal stress in aggregates. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.