TLR2 signaling renders quiescent naive and memory CD4+ T cells more susceptible to productive infection with X4 and R5 HIV-Type 1

It has been recently demonstrated that circulating microbial products are responsible for a systemic immune activation in individuals infected with HIV-typp 1. Bacterial products carry structural conserved motifs recognized by TLRs. Some TLR members are expressed in primary human CD4(+) T cells but the precise functional role played by these pattern recognition receptors is still imprecise. In this study, we report that engagement of TLR2 in quiescent naive and memory CD4(+) T cells leads to the acquisition of an effector-like phenotype. Interestingly, engagement of TLR2 renders both cell subsets more susceptible to productive infection with X4 virions and a higher virus production was seen with R5 viruses. It can be proposed that exposure of resting CD4+ T cells to pathogen-derived products that can engage TLR2 induces the acquisition of an effector-like phenotype in naive and memory CD4(+) T lymphocytes, a phenomenon that might result in an acceleration of virus replication, immune dysregulation, and HIV-type 1-mediated disease progression.