Carbon monoxide induces heme oxygenase-1 via activation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress

Carbon monoxide (CO), a reaction product of the cytoprotective heme oxygenase (HO)-1, is antiapoptotic in a variety of models of cellular injury, but the precise mechanisms remain to be established. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, exogenous CO activated Nrf2 through the phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase ( PERK), resulting in HO-1 expression. CO-induced activation of PERK was followed by the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha and the expression of activating transcription factor 4. However, CO fails to induce X-box binding protein-1 expression and activating transcription factor 6 cleavage. CO had no significant effect on synthesis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone proteins such as the 78-kDa glucose-regulated proteins 78 and 94. Instead, CO prevented X-box binding protein 1 expression and activating transcription factor 6 cleavage induced by ER-stress inducers such as thapsigargin, tunicamycin and homocysteine. CO also prevented endothelial apoptosis triggered by these ER inducers through suppression of C/EBP homologous protein expression, which was associated with its activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Similarly, endogenous CO produced from endothelial HO- 1 induced by either exogenous CO or a pharmacological inducer was also cytoprotective against ER stress through C/EBP homologous protein suppression. Our findings suggest that CO renders endothelial cells resistant to ER stress not only by downregulating C/EBP homologous protein expression via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation but also by upregulating Nrf2-dependent HO-1 expression via PERK activation. Thus, the HO-1/CO system might be potential therapeutics in vascular diseases associated with ER stress.