Journal
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
Volume 44, Issue 6, Pages 905-912Publisher
BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00567.x
Keywords
feedback negativity; predictions; ERP; ERN; reinforcement learning
Funding
- NIMH NIH HHS [MH069047] Funding Source: Medline
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The reinforcement learning theory suggests that the feedback negativity should be larger when feedback is unexpected. Two recent studies found, however, that the feedback negativity was unaffected by outcome probability. To further examine this issue, participants in the present studies made reward predictions on each trial of a gambling task where objective reward probability was indicated by a cue. In Study 1, participants made reward predictions following the cue, but prior to their gambling choice; in Study 2, predictions were made following their gambling choice. Predicted and unpredicted outcomes were associated with equivalent feedback negativities in Study 1. In Study 2, however, the feedback negativity was larger for unpredicted outcomes. These data suggest that the magnitude of the feedback negativity is sensitive to violations of reward prediction, but that this effect may depend on the close coupling of prediction and outcome.
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