Journal
AMINO ACIDS
Volume 42, Issue 1, Pages 75-94Publisher
SPRINGER WIEN
DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0633-0
Keywords
Nitroxidative species; Peroxynitrite; Pain; Rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM); Superoxide dismutase mimetics; Peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts; Central sensitization; Neuroimmune activation
Categories
Funding
- [R01 DA024074]
- [R21 DA023056]
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE [R01DA024074, R21DA023056] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Pain is a multidimensional perception and is modified at distinct regions of the neuroaxis. During enhanced pain, neuroplastic changes occur in the spinal and supraspinal nociceptive modulating centers and may result in a hypersensitive state termed central sensitization, which is thought to contribute to chronic pain states. Central sensitization culminates in hyperexcitability of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons resulting in increased nociceptive transmission and pain perception. This state is associated with enhanced nociceptive signaling, spinal glutamate-mediated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation, neuroimmune activation, nitroxidative stress, and supraspinal descending facilitation. The nitroxidative species considered for their role in nociception and central sensitization include nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (O2(center dot-)), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Nitroxidative species are implicated during persistent but not normal nociceptive processing. This review examines the role of nitroxidative species in pain through a discussion of their contributions to central sensitization and the underlying mechanisms. Future directions for nitroxidative pain research are also addressed. As more selective pharmacologic agents are developed to target nitroxidative species, the exact role of nitroxidative species in pain states will be better characterized and should offer promising alternatives to available pain management options.
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