Journal
JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
Volume 103, Issue 1-3, Pages 267-272Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.034
Keywords
depressive symptoms; menopause; longitudinal; CES-D
Categories
Funding
- NIA NIH HHS [AG012535, U01 AG012531, U01 AG012505, AG012546, AG012505, U01 AG012495, U01 AG012546, AG012495, U01 AG012539, U01 AG012553, AG012553, U01 AG012554, AG012554, AG012539, AG012531, U01 AG012535] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH059689-07, R01 MH059689-03A1, R01 MH059689-04, R01 MH059689-02, R01 MH059689, R01 MH059689-05, R01 MH059689-06, R01 MH059689-01] Funding Source: Medline
- NINR NIH HHS [NR004061, U01 NR004061] Funding Source: Medline
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Background: The influence of menopausal status on depressive symptoms is unclear in diverse ethnic groups. This study examined the longitudinal relationship between changes in menopausal status and the risk of clinically relevant depressive symptoms and whether the relationship differed according to initial depressive symptom level. Methods: 3302 African American, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese, and White women, aged 42-52 years at entry into the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a community-based, multisite longitudinal observational study, were evaluated annually from 1995 through 2002. Random effects multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between menopausal status and prevalence of low and high depressive symptom scores (CES-D < 16 or >= 16) over 5 years. Results: At baseline, 23% of the sample had elevated CES-D, scores. A woman was more likely to report CES-D >= 16 when she was early peri-, late peri-, postmenopausal or currently/formerly using hormone therapy (HT), relative to when she was premenopausal (OR range 1.30 to 1.71). Effects were somewhat stronger for women with low CES-D scores at baseline. Health and psychosocial factors increased the odds of having a high CES-D and in some cases, were more important than menopausal status. Limitations: We used a measure of current depressive symptoms rather than a diagnosis of clinical depression. Thus, we can only make conclusions about symptoms current at annual assessments. Conclusion: Most midlife women do not experience high depressive symptoms. Those that do are more likely to experience high depressive symptom levels when perimenopausal or postmenopausal than when premenopausal, independent of factors such as difficulty paying for basics, negative attitudes, poor perceived health, and stressful events. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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