Covalent immobilization of P-selectin enhances cell rolling

Cell rolling is an important physiological and pathological process that is used to recruit specific cells in the bloodstream to a target tissue. This process may be exploited for biomedical applications to capture and separate specific cell types. One of the most commonly studied proteins that regulate cell rolling is P-selectin. By coating surfaces with this protein, biofunctional surfaces that induce cell rolling can be prepared. Although most immobilization methods have relied on physisorption, chemical immobilization has obvious advantages, including longer functional stability and better control over ligand density and orientation. Here we describe chemical methods to immobilize P-selectin covalently on glass substrates. The chemistry was categorized on the basis of the functional groups on modified glass substrates: amine, aldehyde, and epoxy. The prepared surfaces were first tested in a flow chamber by flowing microspheres functionalized with a cell surface carbohydrate (sialyl Lewis(x)) that binds to P-selectin. Adhesion bonds between P-selectin and sialyl Lewis(x) dissociate readily under shear forces, leading to cell rolling. P-selectin immobilized on the epoxy glass surfaces exhibited enhanced long-term stability of the function and better homogeneity as compared to that for surfaces prepared by other methods and physisorbed controls. The microsphere rolling results were confirmed in vitro with isolated human neutrophils. This work is essential for the future development of devices for isolating specific cell types based on cell rolling, which may be useful for hematologic cancers and certain metastatic cancer cells that are responsive to immobilized selectins.