Journal
BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
Volume 9, Issue 8, Pages 995-1008Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10530-007-9098-9
Keywords
Littorina littorea; invasion criteria; genetics; introduced species; invasive species; biological invasions
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The closely documented spread of the European periwinkle snail, Littorina littorea from Pictou, Nova Scotia in 1840 to New Jersey by 1870, its near absence in pre-European fossil deposits, and its close association with human mechanisms of transport from Europe, are among the clearest evidence of a human-mediated marine introduction ever reported. Genetic data were recently proposed as evidence that North American L. littorea predate European contact and thus, are not introduced. Review of these genetic data and all other data reveals that the simplest explanation of the modern occurrence of this snail in North America is by human introduction.
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