Photosynthetic performance, DNA damage and repair in gametes of the endemic Antarctic brown alga Ascoseira mirabilis exposed to ultraviolet radiation

Stress physiology on the reproductive cells of Antarctic macroalgae remained unstudied. Ascoseira mirabilis is endemic to the Antarctic region, an isolated ecosystem exposed to extreme environmental conditions. Moreover, stratospheric ozone depletion leads to increasing ultraviolet radiation (280-400 nm) at the earth's surface, thus it is necessary to investigate the capacity of reproductive cells to cope with different UV irradiances. This study is aimed to investigate the impact of exposure to different spectral irradiance on the photosynthetic performance, DNA damage and gamete morphology of the A. mirabilis. Gametangia, gametes and zygotes of the upper sublittoral brown alga A. mirabilis were exposed to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR = P; 400-700 nm), P + UV-A radiation (UV-A, 320-400 nm) and P + UV-A + UV-B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm). Rapid photosynthesis versus irradiance curves of freshly released propagules were measured. Photosynthetic efficiencies and DNA damage (in terms of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers) were determined after 1, 2, 4 and 8 h exposure as well as after 2 days of recovery in dim white light. Saturation irradiance (I-k) in freshly released propagules was 52 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1). Exposure for 1 h under 22 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) of PAR significantly reduced the optimum quantum yield (F-v/F-m), suggesting that propagules are low light adapted. Furthermore, UVR significantly contributed to the photoinhibition of photosynthesis. Increasing dose as a function of exposure time additionally exacerbated the effects of different light treatments. The amount of DNA damage increased with the UV-B dose but an efficient repair mechanism was observed in gametes pre-exposed to a dose lower than 5.8 x 10(3) J m(-2) of UV-B. The results of this study demonstrate the negative impact of UV-B radiation. However, gametes of A. mirabilis are capable of photosynthetic recovery and DNA repair when the stress factor is removed. This capacity was observed to be dependent on the fitness of the parental sporophyte.