Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
Volume 29, Issue 1, Pages 54-64Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/0394632015617065
Keywords
BV2 cells; microglia polarization; neuroinflammation; safflower yellow
Categories
Funding
- Cultivation Project of Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine [2011PY-1]
- Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China [2014-7]
- Doctoral Scientific Research Funds of Shanxi Datong University [2008-b-21]
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Activated microglia, especially polarized M1 cells, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals, thereby contributing directly to neuroinflammation and various brain disorders. Given that excessive or chronic neuroinflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) exacerbates neuronal damage, molecules that modulate neuroinflammation are candidates as neuroprotective agents. In this study, we provide evidence that Safflor yellow (SY), the main active component in the traditional Chinese medicine safflower, modulates inflammatory responses by acting directly on BV2 microglia. LPS stimulated BV2 cells to upregulate expression of TLR4-Myd88 and MAPK-NF-kappa B signaling pathways and to release IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and COX-2. However, SY treatment inhibited expression of TLR4-Myd88 and p-38/p-JNK-NF-kappa B, downregulated expression of iNOS, CD16/32, and IL-12, and upregulated CD206 and IL-10. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that SY exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on BV2 microglia, possibly through TLR-4/p-38/p-JNK/NF-kappa B signaling pathways and the conversion of microglia from inflammatory M1 to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.
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