Effect of reflective foil and hail nets on the lighting, color and anthocyanins of 'Fuji' apple

We studied the influence of covering the orchard floor with reflective foil on photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) both under and outside hail nets, and the possibility that the reflective foil under the hail net compensates for light reduction in last month before harvest time. On the lower side of fruit in the canopy, the reflective foil increased PAR. The chromaticity value a* showed a difference in the intensity of red coloration in the reflective foil and hail net treatments. Amounts of individual cyanidins were detected by using HPLC-MS. The accumulation of five individual anthocyanins (cyanidin-galactoside, three cyanidin-pentoses and cyanidin) was investigated during last month before harvest time. Concentrations of the main, cyanidin-galactoside in 'Fuji' apple increased before harvest time, and at harvest time the reflective foil caused an increase in all identified anthocyanins. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.