Hubble space telescope and Spitzer imaging of red and blue galaxies at z ∼ 2.5:: A correlation between size and star formation activity from compact quiescent galaxies to extended star-forming galaxies

We present HST NICMOS+ACS and Spitzer IRAC+MIPS observations of 41 galaxies at 2 < z < 3.5 in the FIRES MS 1054 field with red and blue rest-frame optical colors. About half of the galaxies are very compact (effective radii r(e) < 1 kpc) at rest-frame optical wavelengths; the others are extended (1 kpc < r(e) < 10 kpc). For reference, 1 kpc corresponds to 0.12 '' at z = 2.5 in the adopted cosmology. We separate actively star-forming galaxies from quiescent galaxies by modeling their rest-frame UV-NIR SEDs. The star-forming galaxies span the full range of sizes, while the quiescent galaxies all have re < 2 kpc. In the redshift range where MIPS 24 mu m imaging is a sensitive probe of reradiated dust emission (z < 2.5), the 24 mu m fluxes confirm that the light of the small quiescent galaxies is dominated by old stars, rather than dust-enshrouded star formation or AGN activity. The inferred surface mass densities and velocity dispersions for the quiescent galaxies are very high compared to those in local galaxies. The galaxies follow a Kormendy relation (between surface brightness and size) with approximately the same slope as locally, but shifted to brighter surface brightnesses, consistent with a mean stellar formation redshift of z(f) similar to 5. This paper demonstrates a direct relation between star formation activity and size at z similar to 2.5 and the existence of a significant population of massive, extremely dense, old stellar systems without readily identifiable counterparts in the local universe.