Journal
CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL
Volume 19, Issue 1, Pages 25-31Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10552-007-9066-9
Keywords
cigarette smoking; prostate cancer-specific mortality; cancer outcomes
Funding
- NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA 56678, N01 CN 05230, P50 CA 97186] Funding Source: Medline
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Objective The aim of this study was to examine associations of smoking at the time of diagnosis with the risk of prostate cancer death in a population-based cohort of men with prostate cancer. Methods Data were from 752 prostate cancer patients aged 40-64 years, who were enrolled in a case-control study and under long-term follow-up for mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between smoking and prostate cancer-specific and other cause mortality. Results Compared to never smoking, smoking at the time of diagnosis was associated with a significant increase in risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality. After controlling for demographic characteristics, Gleason grade, stage at diagnosis, and primary treatment, the HR was 2.66 (95% CI: 1.10-6.43). Conclusions Smoking at the time of diagnosis, independent of key clinical prognostic factors, is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer death.
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