Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE
Volume 41, Issue 5, Pages 1067-1073Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/0363546513479341
Keywords
knee injury; anterior cruciate ligament; professional alpine skiing; injury mechanism; injury biomechanics; video analysis
Categories
Funding
- Royal Norwegian Ministry of Culture
- South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority
- International Olympic Committee
- Norwegian Olympic Committee and Confederation of Sport
- Norsk Tipping AS
- International Ski Federation
- DJO
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Background: Based on visual video analyses of 20 injury situations, the main mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in World Cup alpine skiing, termed the slip-catch mechanism, was identified. This situation is characterized by a common pattern in which the inside edge of the outer ski catches the snow surface while turning, forcing the knee into valgus and tibial internal rotation. To describe the exact joint kinematics at the time of injury, a more sophisticated approach is needed. Purpose: To describe the knee and hip kinematics in 2 slip-catch situations utilizing a model-based image-matching (MBIM) technique. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Two typical slip-catch situations in World Cup alpine skiing reported through the International Ski Federation (FIS) Injury Surveillance System were captured on video with several camera views and high video quality. The injury situations were analyzed using the MBIM technique to produce continuous measurements of knee and hip joint kinematics. Results: Within 60 milliseconds, the knee flexion angle increased rapidly from 26 degrees to 63 degrees in case 1 and from 39 degrees to 69 degrees in case 2. In the same period, we observed a rapid increase in internal rotation of the tibia with a peak of 12 degrees and 9 degrees, respectively. The knee valgus angle changed less markedly in both cases. We also observed a rapid increase of hip flexion as well as substantial hip internal rotation. Conclusion: Knee compression and knee internal rotation and abduction torque are important components of the injury mechanism in a slip-catch situation. Clinical Relevance: Prevention efforts should focus on avoiding a forceful tibial internal rotation in combination with knee valgus.
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