Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
Volume 187, Issue 10, Pages 1098-1103Publisher
AMER THORACIC SOC
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201211-1969OC
Keywords
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; hospitalization; hot temperature; respiratory tract infections; weather
Categories
Funding
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences [R01ES019560, R21ES020152, R01ES012054, R01ES015028, R21ES021427]
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [RD-83479801, R834894]
- National Institutes of Health [K23ES016819, P01ES018176]
- Health Effects Institute
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Rationale: The heat-related risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases among the elderly has not been quantified in the United States on a national scale. With climate change predictions of more frequent and more intense heat waves, it is of paramount importance to quantify the health risks related to heat, especially for the most vulnerable. Objectives: To estimate the risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases associated with outdoor heat in the U. S. elderly. Methods: An observational study of approximately 12.5 million Medicare beneficiaries in 213 United States counties, January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2008. We estimate a national average relative risk of hospitalization for each 10 degrees F (5.6 degrees C) increase in daily outdoor temperature using Bayesian hierarchical models. Measurements and Main Results: We obtained daily county-level rates of Medicare emergency respiratory hospitalizations (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, 464-466, 480-487, 490-492) in 213 U. S. counties from 1999 through 2008. Overall, each 10 degrees F increase in daily temperature was associated with a 4.3% increase in same-day emergency hospitalizations for respiratory diseases (95% posterior interval, 3.8, 4.8%). Counties' relative risks were significantly higher in counties with cooler average summer temperatures. Conclusions: We found strong evidence of an association between outdoor heat and respiratory hospitalizations in the largest population of elderly studied to date. Given projections of increasing temperatures from climate change and the increasing global prevalence of chronic pulmonary disease, the relationship between heat and respiratory morbidity is a growing concern.
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