Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
Volume 185, Issue 2, Pages 160-170Publisher
AMER THORACIC SOC
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201104-0717OC
Keywords
pulmonary edema; vascular permeability; endothelium; acid sphingomyelinase; transient receptor potential classical 6
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Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SPP1267]
- Kaiserin-Friedrich Foundation, Berlin, Germany
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Rationale: Platelet-activating factor (PAF) increases lung vascular permeability within minutes by activation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and a subsequent nitric oxide (NO)-inhibitable and Ca2+-dependent loss in barrier function. Objectives: To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this response. Methods: In isolated perfused rat and mouse lungs, endothelial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) was quantified by real-time fluorescence imaging, and caveolae of endothelial cells were isolated and probed for Ca2+ entry channels. Regulation of transient receptor potential classical (TRPC) 6-mediated currents in lung endothelial cells was assessed by patch clamp technique. Measurements and Main Results: PAF increased lung weight gain and endothelial [Ca2+](i). This response was abrogated by inhibitors of ASMor in ASM-deficient mice, and replicated by lung perfusion with exogenous ASM or C2-ceramide. PAF increased the caveolar abundance of TRPC6 channels, which was similarly blocked by ASM inhibition. PAF-induced increases in lung endothelial [Ca2+](i), vascular filtration coefficient, and edema formation were attenuated by the TRPC inhibitor SKF96365 and in TRPC6-deficient mice, whereas direct activation of TRPC6 replicated the [Ca2+](i) and edema response to PAF. The exogenous NO donor PapaNONOate or the cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate analog 8Br-cGMP blocked the endothelial [Ca2+](i) and permeability response to PAF, in that they directly blocked TRPC6 channels without interfering with their PAF-induced recruitment to caveolae. Conclusions: The present findings outline a new signaling cascade in the induction of PAF-induced lung edema, in that stimulation of ASM causes recruitment of TRPC6 channels to caveolae, thus allowing for Ca2+ influx and subsequent increases in endothelial permeability that are amplified in the absence of endothelial NO synthesis.
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