N-Acetylcysteine Inhibits RhoA and Promotes Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Intense Lung Inflammation

Rationale: The resolution of pulmonary inflammation seen in various inflammatory lung conditions depends on the clearance of apoptotic cells to prevent permanent tissue damage or progressive disease. Uptake of apoptotic cells by alveolar macrophages is suppressed by oxidants through the activation of Rho signaling. Objectives: We hypothesized that antioxidant exposure would increase the ability of alveolar macrophages to clear pulmonary apo ptotic cells through the inhibition of RhoA. Methods: The effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the pulmonary immune response were seen in mice treated intratracheally with LIPS, LPS + NAC, or saline. Apoptotic cell clearance RhoA activity, and changes in the lung inflammatory responses were analyzed in vivo or ex vivo. Measurements and Main Results: Neutrophil accumulation, apoptosis, necrosis, and oxidant production peaked at 3 days post LPS treatment. NAC enhanced the clearance of apoptotic cells and inhibited RhoA activity in alveolar macrophages at 3 days post LPS treatment. NAC suppressed LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators, enhanced the production of transforming growth factor-PI, reduced the accumulation of inflammatory cells, and reduced levels of protein and lactate dehydrogenase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In the presence of ex vivo apoptotic cells, alveolar macrophages exposed to LIPS or LIPS + NAC had reduced tumor necrosis factor-a levels and increased transforming growth factor-beta 1 levels. A Rho kinase inhibitor mimicked the effects of NAC on the clearance of apoptotic cells and the inflammatory responses. Conclusions: These results indicate that NAC can expedite the resolution of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation through the inhibition of RhoA activity and the enhancement of apoptotic cell clearance.