Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES
Volume 77, Issue -, Pages 23-37Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.01.001
Keywords
Embodiment; Presence; Social robot; Virtual agent; Human-robot interaction; Physical; Virtual
Funding
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [420353]
- US National Science Foundation (NSF) [1139078]
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The effects of physical embodiment and physical presence were explored through a survey of 33 experimental works comparing how people interacted with physical robots and virtual agents. A qualitative assessment of the direction of quantitative effects demonstrated that robots were more persuasive and perceived more positively when physically present in a user's environment than when digitally-displayed on a screen either as a video feed of the same robot or as a virtual character analog; robots also led to better user performance when they were collocated as opposed to shown via video on a screen. However, participants did not respond differently to physical robots and virtual agents when both were displayed digitally on a screen - suggesting that physical presence, rather than physical embodiment, characterizes people's responses to social robots. Implications for understanding psychological response to physical and virtual agents and for methodological design are discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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