Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Volume 307, Issue 11, Pages R1292-R1302Publisher
AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2014
Keywords
optogenetics; light stimulation; neurons; physiological conditions
Categories
Funding
- Australia Research Council [DE130100894]
- [NHMRC-1024489]
- [1065485]
- [LP120100463]
- Australian Research Council [DE130100894, LP120100463] Funding Source: Australian Research Council
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Neuronal stimulation by light is a novel approach in the emerging field of optogenetics, where genetic engineering is used to introduce light-activated channels. However, light is also capable of stimulating neurons even in the absence of genetic modifications through a range of physical and biological mechanisms. As a result, rigorous design of optogenetic experiments needs to take note of alternative and parallel effects of light illumination of neuronal tissues. Thus all matters relating to light penetration are critical to the development of studies using light-activated proteins. This paper discusses ways to quantify light, light penetration in tissue, as well as light stimulation of neurons in physiological conditions. We also describe the direct effect of light on neurons investigated at different sites.
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