Activation of G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, TGR5, induces smooth muscle relaxation via both Epac- and PKA-mediated inhibition of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway

Rajagopal S, Kumar DP, Mahavadi S, Bhattacharya S, Zhou R, Corvera CU, Bunnett NW, Grider JR, Murthy KS. Activation of G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, TGR5, induces smooth muscle relaxation via both Epac- and PKA-mediated inhibition of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 304: G527-G535, 2013. First published December 28, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00388.2012.-The present study characterized the TGR5 expression and the signaling pathways coupled to this receptor that mediates the relaxation of gastric smooth muscle. TGR5 was detected in gastric muscle cells by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Treatment of cells with the TGR5-selective ligand oleanolic acid (OA) activated G alpha(s), but not G alpha(q), G alpha(i1), G alpha(i2), or G alpha(i3), and increased cAMP levels. OA did not elicit contraction, but caused relaxation of carbachol-induced contraction of gastric muscle cells from wild-type mice, but not tgr5(-/-) mice. OA, but not a selective exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) ligand (8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP), caused phosphorylation of RhoA and the phosphorylation was blocked by the PKA inhibitor, myristoylated PKI, and by the expression of phosphorylation-deficient mutant RhoA (S188A). Both OA and Epac ligand stimulated Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) and inhibited carbachol (CCh)-induced Rho kinase activity. Expression of RhoA (S188A) or PKI partly reversed the inhibition of Rho kinase activity by OA but had no effect on inhibition by Epac ligand. However, suppression of Rap1 with siRNA blocked the inhibition of Rho kinase by Epac ligand, and partly reversed the inhibition by OA; the residual inhibition was blocked by PKI. Muscle relaxation in response to OA, but not Epac ligand, was partly reversed by PKI. We conclude that activation of TGR5 causes relaxation of gastric smooth muscle and the relaxation is mediated through inhibition of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway via both cAMP/Epac-dependent stimulation of Rap1 and cAMP/PKA-dependent phosphorylation of RhoA at Ser(188). TGR5 receptor activation on smooth muscle reveals a novel mechanism for the regulation of gut motility by bile acids.