Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
Volume 202, Issue 5, Pages -Publisher
MOSBY-ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.09.002
Keywords
lactation; pregnancy; vitamin D deficiency
Categories
Funding
- American Diabetes Association [7-08-CR-08]
- Washington University
- Diabetes Research and Training Center [P60 DK20579]
- Washington University School of Medicine
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Vitamin D is an essential fat soluble vitamin and a key modulator of calcium metabolism in children and adults. Because calcium demands increase in the third trimester of pregnancy, vitamin D status becomes crucial for maternal health, fetal skeletal growth, and optimal maternal and fetal outcomes. Vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnant women (5-50%) and in breastfed infants (10-56%), despite the widespread use of prenatal vitamins, because these are inadequate to maintain normal vitamin D levels (>= 32 ng/mL). Adverse health outcomes such as preeclampsia, low birthweight, neonatal hypocalcemia, poor postnatal growth, bone fragility, and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases have been linked to low vitamin D levels during pregnancy and infancy. Studies are underway to establish the recommended daily doses of vitamin D in pregnant women. This review discusses vitamin D metabolism and the implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation.
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