Transgenerational effect of fetal programming on vascular phenotype and reactivity in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mouse model

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the transgenerational effect of fetal vascular programming STUDY DESIGN: Homozygous NOS3 knockout and wild type controls (NOS3 +/+ WT) were cross-bred to obtain heterozygous offspring that developed in (KO -/-) mothers lacking a functional NOS3 (KOM) vs wild-type control mothers (KOP). The first-generation KOM(+/-) and KOP(+/-) female mice were then bred with WT(+/+) males to obtain a second generation (F2). F2 offspring were genotyped and WT(+/+)-F2 mice were then used for in vivo blood pressure and in vitro vascular reactivity studies. RESULTS: WT-F2 mice born to KOM mothers (KOM-F2WT) had significantly higher systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure, compared with WT-F2 born to KOP mothers. Male KOM-F2WT offspring had significantly increased response to phenylephrine ( PE), compared with male KOP-F2WT. Male offspring had increased contractile responses to PE when compared with female. Acetylcholine responses were decreased in female KOM-F2WT, compared with female KOP-F2WT, but the difference was not statistically significant CONCLUSION: Our findings support a transgenerational effect of fetal programming on the vascular phenotype and suggest possible gender specific adaptation.