Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE
Volume 53, Issue 12, Pages 1177-1185Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20894
Keywords
World Trade Center; mental health; occupational medicine; post-traumatic stress; firefighters
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Funding
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) [RO1-OH07350]
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Background Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been reported even years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11). Methods We used screening tools to assess the prevalence of probable PTSD in 9/11-exposed firefighters at two time points, within 6 months of 9/11 (baseline) and 3-4 years post-disaster (follow-up). Results Five thousand six hundred fifty-six individuals completed assessments at both times. 15.5% reported probable PTSD post-9/11, 8.6% at baseline and 11.1% at follow-up, on average 2.9 (SD 0.5) years later. Analyses revealed that nearly half of all probable PTSD occurred as delayed onset (absent baseline, present follow-up). Compared with the resilient group (no probable PTSD at either time), probable PTSD at baseline, and delayed onset at follow-up were each associated with concomitant functional impairment (OR 19.5 and 18.9), respectively. Conclusion Similar percentages of firefighters met criteria for baseline and delayed onset probable PTSD at follow-up, years later. Both were associated with substantial functional impairment. Early risk identification could provide opportunities for mental health interventions before symptoms compromise work and social relationships. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53: 1177-1185, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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