Gene-Smoking Interactions Identify Several Novel Blood Pressure Loci in the Framingham Heart Study

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are among the most significant health problems in the United States. Blood pressure (BP) variability has a genetic component, and most of the genetic variance remains to be identified. One promising strategy for gene discovery is genome-wide analysis of interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and environmental factors related to cardiovascular diseases. METHODS We investigated SNP-smoking interaction effects on BP in genome-wide data in 6,889 participants from the Framingham Heart Study. We performed the standard 1 degree of freedom (df) test of the interaction effect and the joint 2 df test of main and interaction effects. Three smoking measures were used: cigarettes per day (CPD), pack years of smoking, and smoking status. RESULTS We identified 7 significant and 21 suggestive BP loci. Identified through the joint 2 df test, significant SBP loci include: rs12149862 (P = 3.65 x 10(-9)) in CYB5B, rs2268365 (P = 4.85 x 10(-8)) in LRP2, rs133980 (P = 1.71 x 10(-8) with CPD and P = 1.07 x 10(-8) with pack-years) near MN1, and rs12634933 (P = 4.05 x 10(-8)) in MECOM. Through 1 df interaction analysis, 1 suggestive SBP locus at SNP rs8010717 near NRXN3 was identified using all 3 smoking measures (P = 3.27 x 10(-7) with CPD, P = 1.03 x 10(-7) with pack-years, and P = 1.19 x 10(-7) with smoking status). CONCLUSIONS Several of these BP loci are biologically plausible, providing physiological connection to BP regulation. Our study demonstrates that SNP-smoking interactions can enhance gene discovery and provide insight into novel pathways and mechanisms regulating BP.