4.7 Article

Fine-Scale Survey of X Chromosome Copy Number Variants and Indels Underlying Intellectual Disability

Journal

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS
Volume 87, Issue 2, Pages 173-188

Publisher

CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.06.017

Keywords

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Funding

  1. Wellcome Trust
  2. Action Medical Research
  3. Baily Thomas Charitable Trust
  4. NIHR
  5. Evelyn Trust
  6. Australian NHMRC [400121]
  7. State of NSW Health Department through their support of the NSW GOLD Service
  8. NICHD [HD26202]
  9. South Carolina Department of Disabilities and Special Needs (SCDDSN)

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Copy number variants and indels in 251 families with evidence of X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) were investigated by array comparative genomic hybridization on a high-density oligonucleotide X chromosome array platform. We identified pathogenic copy number variants in 10% of families, with mutations ranging from 2 kb to 11 Mb in size. The challenge of assessing causality was facilitated by prior knowledge of XLID-associated genes and the ability to test for cosegregation of variants with disease through extended pedigrees. Fine-scale analysis of rare variants in XLID families leads us to propose four additional genes, PTCHD1, WDR13, FAAH2, and GSPT2, as candidates for XLID causation and the identification of further deletions and duplications affecting X chromosome genes but without apparent disease consequences. Breakpoints of pathogenic variants were characterized to provide insight into the underlying mutational mechanisms and indicated a predominance of mitotic rather than meiotic events. By effectively bridging the gap between karyotype-level investigations and X chromosome exon resequencing, this study informs discussion of alternative mutational mechanisms, such as non-coding variants and non-X-linked disease, which might explain the shortfall of mutation yield in the well-characterized International Genetics of Learning Disability (IGOLD) cohort, where currently disease remains unexplained in two-thirds of families.

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