Journal
JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INQUIRY
Volume 17, Issue 4, Pages 288-304Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/1056492607312577
Keywords
competition; cooperation; business strategy; paradox
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Although competition and cooperation individually have received much consideration in the strategy field, researchers have given little attention to the fundamental issue of interplay between the two concepts. Nor has a framework been proposed for examining how competition and cooperation interrelate. Given the notion that competition and cooperation exist in a paradoxical, either/or relationship, reexamination of the idea of paradox itself is imperative. This paper converges Western and Eastern ideas to address the need to transcend conventional perspectives of paradox. It proposes a new concept, transparadox, a hybrid of the either/or and both/and perspectives that characterize, respectively, Western and Eastern thought. The transparadox perspective provides an expansive framework within which the range of competition-cooperation interrelationships may be examined. The introduction of three conceptions of competition-cooperation relationships (independent, or binary, opposites; interconnected opposites; and interdependent opposites) provides researchers with platforms for future theoretical development and empirical study.
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