Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Volume 172, Issue 12, Pages 1357-1363Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq303
Keywords
copper; heavy metal poisoning; nervous system; incidence; lead; manganese; Parkinson disease; risk; urban population
Categories
Funding
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health [5T32NS007205-27]
- National Center for Research Resources and National Institutes of Health Roadmap for Medical Research [UL1RR024992, KL2RR024994]
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences at the National Institutes of Health [K24ES017765, R01ES013743]
- American Parkinson Disease Association
- Walter and Connie Donius Fund
- Robert Renschen Fund
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Parkinson disease associated with farming and exposure to agricultural chemicals has been reported in numerous studies; little is known about Parkinson disease risk factors for those living in urban areas. The authors investigated the relation between copper, lead, or manganese emissions and Parkinson disease incidence in the urban United States, studying 29 million Medicare beneficiaries in the year 2003. Parkinson disease incidence was determined by using beneficiaries who had not changed residence since 1995. Over 35,000 nonmobile incident Parkinson disease cases, diagnosed by a neurologist, were identified for analysis. Age-, race-, and sex-standardized Parkinson disease incidence was compared between counties with high cumulative industrial release of copper, manganese, or lead (as reported to the Environmental Protection Agency) and counties with no/low reported release of all 3 metals. Parkinson disease incidence (per 100,000) in counties with no/low copper/lead/manganese release was 274.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 226.8, 353.5). Incidence was greater in counties with high manganese release: 489.4 (95% CI: 368.3, 689.5) (relative risk = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.54, 2.07) and counties with high copper release: 304.2 (95% CI: 276.0, 336.8) (relative risk = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.31). Urban Parkinson disease incidence is greater in counties with high reported industrial release of copper or manganese. Environmental exposure to metals may be a risk factor for Parkinson disease in urban areas.
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