被撤回的出版物: β-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children (Retracted article. See vol. 102, pg. 715, 2015)

Background: Golden Rice (GR) has been genetically engineered to be rich in beta-carotene for use as a source of vitamin A. Objective: The objective was to compare the vitamin A value of beta-carotene in GR and in spinach with that of pure beta-carotene in oil when consumed by children. Design: Children (n = 68; age 6-8 y) were randomly assigned to consume GR or spinach (both grown in a nutrient solution containing 23 atom% (H2O)-H-2) or [H-2(8)]beta-carotene in an oil capsule. The GR and spinach beta-carotene were enriched with deuterium (H-2) with the highest abundance molecular mass (M) at M beta+C+H-2(10). [C-13(10)]Retinyl acetate in an oil capsule was administered as a reference dose. Serum samples collected from subjects were analyzed by using gas chromatography electron-capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the enrichments of labeled retinol: M-retinol+4 (from [H-2(8)]beta-carotene in oil), M-retinol+5 (from GR or spinach [H-2(10)]beta-carotene), and M-retinol+10 (from [C-13(10)]retinyl acetate). Results: Using the response to the dose of [C-13(10)]retinyl acetate (0.5 mg) as a reference, our results (with the use of AUC of molar enrichment at days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after the labeled doses) showed that the conversions of pure beta-carotene (0.5 mg), GR beta-carotene (0.6 mg), and spinach beta-carotene (1.4 mg) to retinol were 2.0, 2.3, and 7.5 to 1 by weight, respectively. Conclusions: The beta-carotene in GR is as effective as pure beta-carotene in oil and better than that in spinach at providing vitamin A to children. A bowl of similar to 100 to 150 g cooked GR (50 g dry weight) can provide similar to 60% of the Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake of vitamin A for 6-8-y-old children. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00680212. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:658-64.