Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
Volume 93, Issue 4, Pages 684-688Publisher
AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.004622
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Funding
- The Nordea Foundation OPUS Research Centre
- The Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Denmark
- The Beef Checkoff (USA)
- Centre National Interprofessionnel de l'Economie Laitiere (CNIEL)
- The Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Dairy Australia
- Dairy Council for Great Britain
- Dairy Council of California
- Dairy Farmers of Canada
- The Global Dairy Platform
- Milchindustrie-Verband
- National Dairy Council (USA)
- Svensk Mjolk
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Current dietary recommendations advise reducing the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but recent findings question the role of SFAs. This expert panel reviewed the evidence and reached the following conclusions: the evidence from epidemiologic, clinical, and mechanistic studies is consistent in finding that the risk of CHD is reduced when SFAs are replaced with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In populations who consume a Western diet, the replacement of 1% of energy from SFAs with PUFAs lowers LDL cholesterol and is likely to produce a reduction in CHD incidence of >= 2-3%. No clear benefit of substituting carbohydrates for SFAs has been shown, although there might be a benefit if the carbohydrate is unrefined and has a low glycemic index. Insufficient evidence exists to judge the effect on CHD risk of replacing SFAs with MUFAs. No clear association between SFA intake relative to refined carbohydrates and the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes has been shown. The effect of diet on a single biomarker is insufficient evidence to assess CHD risk. The combination of multiple biomarkers and the use of clinical end-points could help substantiate the effects on CHD. Furthermore, the effect of particular foods on CHD cannot be predicted solely by their content of total SFAs because individual SFAs may have different cardiovascular effects and major SFA food sources contain other constituents that could influence CHD risk. Research is needed to clarify the role of SFAs compared with specific forms of carbohydrates in CHD risk and to compare specific foods with appropriate alternatives. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:684-8.
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