Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
Volume 89, Issue 1, Pages 290-296Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26709
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Funding
- Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems
- Swedish Research Council for Environment
- Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning
- Swedish Nutrition Foundation
- Richard and Stina Hogbergs Foundation
- Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Helsinki, Finland
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Background: Alkylresorcinols (ARs), phenolic lipids almost exclusively present in the outer parts of wheat and rye grains in commonly consumed foods, have been proposed as specific dietary biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intakes. Objective: The objective was to assess the dose response of plasma ARs and the excretion of 2 recently discovered AR metabolites in 24-h urine samples in relation to AR intake and to establish a pharmacokinetic model for predicting plasma AR concentration. Design: Sixteen subjects were given rye bran flakes containing 11, 22, or 44 mg total ARs 3 times daily during week-long intervention periods separated by 1-wk washout periods in a nonblinded randomized crossover design. Blood samples were collected at baseline, after the 1-wk run- in period, and after each treatment and washout period. Two 24-h urine samples were collected at baseline and after each treatment period. Results: Plasma AR concentrations and daily excretion of 2 urinary AR metabolites increased with increasing AR dose (P < 0.001). Recovery of urinary metabolites in 24-h samples decreased with increasing doses from approximate to 90% to approximate to 45% in the range tested. A one-compartment model with 2 absorption compartments with different lag times and absorption rate constants adequately predicted plasma AR concentrations at the end of each intervention period. Conclusion: Both plasma AR concentrations and urinary metabolites in 24-h samples showed a dose-response relation to increased AR intake, which strongly supports the hypothesis that ARs and their metabolites may be useful as biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 290-6.
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