Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY
Volume 100, Issue 3, Pages 574-581Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200397
Keywords
Dipterocarpaceae; Late Eocene; Shorea; South China; phytogeography; paleoclimate; winged fruit
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [41210001, 40972011, 31070200, 41111120083, 11-04-91175]
- National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) [2012CB822003]
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research [41111120083, 11-04-91175]
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS) [123110]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [12lgjc04]
- Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)
- Talented PhD Student Training Project, SYSU
- Scientific Research Fund, Hongda Zhang, SYSU
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Premise of the study: Dipterocarps are the representative component of tropical rain forests in Southeast Asia and hold important economic and ecological significance, but their origin and migration are controversial. Information on dipterocarpaceous fossils, particularly the more convincing reproductive structures, not only can improve the phylogenetic and phytogeographic studies of this family, but also provide important information for reconstructing paleoclimate. Methods: Morphologically preserved winged fruits and associated leaves were collected from the Late Eocene Huangniuling Formation, Maoming Basin, South China. We determined their taxonomic positions based on comparative morphology with similar extant and fossil specimens and discuss their phytogeographic and paleoclimatic implications by consulting the distribution and habitat of fossil and modern populations. Key results: The Late Eocene winged fruits are attributed to Shorea Roxburgh ex Gaertner (Dipterocarpaceae) as Shorea maomingensis sp. nov. The associated leaves are recognized as Shorea sp. based on leaf architecture, and they are likely to be conspecific with the winged fruits. Conclusions: The discovery of dipterocarps indicates that they had arrived in tropical and humid South China by the Late Eocene. Dipterocarps including Shorea exhibit a wide range of physiological tolerance to climate; palynological analysis suggests an increase in aridity and seasonality in the Maoming Basin from the Late Eocene. Dipterocarps became adapted to this seasonal climate from the Late Eocene to Early Miocene, expanded northward in the climatic optimum of the Middle Miocene, and declined and gradually disappeared from the southeastern part of the continent from the Late Miocene.
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