Journal
AMBIO
Volume 43, Issue -, Pages 77-90Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0563-2
Keywords
Acidification; Recovery; Sweden; Base cation decline; Acid neutralizing capacity; Dissolved organic carbon
Categories
Funding
- MISTRA Future Forests program
- FORMAS ForWater project
- Norwegian Council ECCO project
- NordForsk DomQua project
- Swedish Energy Agency
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Long-term (1987-2012) water quality monitoring in 36 acid-sensitive Swedish lakes shows slow recovery from historic acidification. Overall, strong acid anion concentrations declined, primarily as a result of declines in sulfate. Chloride is now the dominant anion in many acid-sensitive lakes. Base cation concentrations have declined less rapidly than strong acid anion concentrations, leading to an increase in charge balance acid neutralizing capacity. In many lakes, modeled organic acidity is now approximately equal to inorganic acidity. The observed trends in water chemistry suggest lakes may not return to reference conditions. Despite declines in acid deposition, many of these lakes are still acidified. Base cation concentrations continue to decline and alkalinity shows only small increases. A changing climate may further delay recovery by increasing dissolved organic carbon concentrations and sea-salt episodes. More intensive forest harvesting may also hamper recovery by reducing the supply of soil base cations.
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