Evolution of CD4+ T Cell Count in HIV-1-Infected Adults Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy with Sustained Long-Term Virological Suppression

It is not fully elucidated whether patients who receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) can maintain continued CD4 count increases. Previous studies suggested a plateau 2-4 years after treatment initiation. We aimed to characterize the evolution of CD4 counts in HIV-infected individuals receiving long-term suppressive ART, by performing a retrospective study of patients who maintained viral suppression (HIV RNA < 400copies/ml) for >= 5 years. We used linear regression models to determine for each individual whether the CD4 count continued to increase or plateau. Furthermore, we estimated whether the slope of the CD4 count for each individual became zero, which we defined as the CD4 set-point. We assessed factors associated with continued CD4 count rise, reaching a CD4 set-point and time to the CD4 set-point. Fifty-nine patients were included. The median baseline CD4 count was 238 (IQR, 120-360) cells/mu l and the median duration on ART was 7.6 (IQR, 5.9-9.3) years. On ART, CD4 count continued to increase in 37 subjects (63%). Significant predictors of continued CD4 count increase included a lower baseline log(10) HIV RNA (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14-0.89; p = 0.026) and a shorter duration on ART (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.91; p = 0.021). Twenty-four (41%) subjects reached a set-point after a median 4.3 (IQR 1.8-6.4) years on ART. A lower baseline CD4 percentage was associated with both a longer time to reach the CD4 set-point and a lower CD4 count at the CD4 set-point. These findings suggest that CD4 count may continue to increase in some patients after several years of ART. Our results point to an advantage to commencing ART at higher CD4(+) T cell strata. These data should be considered when estimating the optimal time to initiate ART.