Journal
NEUROREHABILITATION AND NEURAL REPAIR
Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages 535-545Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/1545968308331147
Keywords
Spinal cord injury; Swimming; Task-specific learning; Rat; Locomotor retraining; Rehabilitation
Categories
Funding
- The Kentucky Spinal Cord and Head Injury Research Trust
- NIH/NINDS [R01 NS052292]
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Background. The authors have shown that rats can be retrained to swim after a moderately severe thoracic spinal cord contusion. They also found that improvements in body position and hindlimb activity occurred rapidly over the first 2 weeks of training, reaching a plateau by week 4. Overground walking was not influenced by swim training, suggesting that swimming may be a task-specific model of locomotor retraining. Objective. To provide a quantitative description of hindlimb movements of uninjured adult rats during swimming, and then after injury and retraining. Methods. The authors used a novel and streamlined kinematic assessment of swimming in which each limb is described in 2 dimensions, as 3 segments and 2 angles. Results. The kinematics of uninjured rats do not change over 4 weeks of daily swimming, suggesting that acclimatization does not involve refinements in hindlimb movement. After spinal cord injury, retraining involved increases in hindlimb excursion and improved limb position, but the velocity of the movements remained slow. Conclusion. These data suggest that the activity pattern of swimming is hardwired in the rat spinal cord. After spinal cord injury, repetition is sufficient to bring about significant improvements in the pattern of hindlimb movement but does not improve the forces generated, leaving the animals with persistent deficits. These data support the concept that force (load) and pattern generation (recruitment) are independent and may have to be managed together with respect to postinjury rehabilitation.
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